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Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
Family: Adoxaceae (formerly classified within Caprifoliaceae)
Part used: Ripe berry
Other names: Black Elder, Common Elder, European Elderberry
Elder is a familiar deciduous shrub or small tree, growing up to around 6–10 metres tall. It is native to Europe, including the UK, and parts of North Africa, and has since been introduced to many other parts of the world.
The tree has distinctive clusters of creamy-white flowers in spring, followed later in the year by drooping clusters of dark purple-black berries.
Both the flowers and berries have a long history of culinary and traditional herbal use. This month's focus is on the ripe berries, which have traditionally been valued particularly for supporting the body during seasonal colds and respiratory infections.
Elderberries are commonly prepared as syrups, extracts or other preparations. Raw or unripe berries should not be eaten, as they contain compounds that can cause nausea and vomiting; cooking removes these compounds.
Elder is one of those plants that has been closely woven into rural life and traditional herbal practice.
In England, Elder was once described as “the medicine chest of the country people”, reflecting the many different ways the plant was traditionally used.
The flowers and berries each have their own place in herbal medicine. The flowers have traditionally been used in preparations for colds and fevers, while the berries have become particularly associated with seasonal immune support and respiratory health.
The deep colour of the berries is due largely to their high concentration of anthocyanins, plant pigments with antioxidant properties.
Elder has a particularly rich folklore. In European traditions, it was regarded with a mixture of respect, reverence and sometimes fear.
In some pagan traditions, Elder was associated with the Elder Mother, a protective spirit believed to inhabit the tree. Elder was thought to offer protection to people and their homes, and branches or leaves were sometimes placed near doors and windows for this purpose.
There was also a strong association between Elder and the fairy or otherworldly realms. Folklore held that falling asleep beneath an Elder tree might bring dreams of the fairy world, while Elder wood was traditionally used to make simple wind instruments because of its hollow, easily worked branches.
Not all traditions viewed Elder positively. In some Christian folklore, the tree became associated with sorrow and death, including stories connecting Elder wood with Judas Iscariot and, in some traditions, with the Cross.
These contrasting traditions make Elder particularly fascinating: it has been viewed as both protector and gateway, a plant standing at the boundary between the everyday world and the mysterious world of folklore.
Medicinally, Elderberry has traditionally been used for colds, influenza and other upper respiratory complaints, as well as more generally to support the body's defences.
Modern Uses
Modern research has investigated Elderberry particularly in relation to upper respiratory tract infections, including the common cold and influenza.
Some human studies suggest that Elderberry preparations may help to reduce the duration or severity of respiratory symptoms, particularly when taken early in an illness.
Elderberry may therefore be considered as part of an individualised herbal approach to:
seasonal colds and respiratory infections
influenza and flu-like illness
general seasonal immune support
Research has also explored Elderberry's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,
Elderberries are particularly rich in anthocyanins, including cyanidin compounds, which give the berries their deep purple-black colour.
They also contain other flavonoids, organic acids, polyphenols and a range of naturally occurring nutrients.
The anthocyanins and other polyphenols are thought to contribute to the berry's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as some of the effects being investigated in relation to immune and respiratory health.
In traditional Western herbal energetics, Elderberry is generally considered a cooling and moistening herb.
This traditional energetic perspective can be useful when considering the individual person and the nature of their symptoms. As always, herbal energetics are considered alongside the whole person rather than applied as a simple one-size-fits-all rule.
Elderberry preparations made from properly prepared ripe berries are generally considered safe when used appropriately.
Raw or unripe berries should not be consumed, as they contain compounds that can cause nausea, vomiting and other unpleasant effects. Cooking removes these compounds.
A little herbal thought
Elder is a wonderful example of how a plant can occupy many different places in our relationship with nature.
It has been food, medicine, protector and a source of folklore and stories for generations. From its delicate spring flowers to its dark berries appearing as summer turns towards autumn, Elder marks the changing seasons — and reminds us of the rich relationship our ancestors had with the plants growing around them.
The information in this newsletter is provided for educational purposes only. It is not intended to diagnose, treat or cure any health condition, or to replace professional medical advice.
If you have a health condition, are taking medication, or are pregnant or breastfeeding, please seek appropriate professional advice before using herbs medicinally.
Supporting your health naturally with the power of plants
Calendula (Calendula officinalis) – Nature’s Skin Healer
Calendula, commonly known as pot marigold, is one of the most valued herbs in traditional herbal medicine. Recognisable by its bright orange and yellow flowers, calendula has been used for centuries to support the body's natural healing processes and remains a staple ingredient in many natural first-aid remedies.
Rich in beneficial plant compounds including carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarins and essential oils, calendula is valued for its:
• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Antimicrobial activity
• Antibacterial effects
• Antifungal action
• Antiviral properties
• Lymphatic support
• Styptic (helps slow minor bleeding) action
• Vulnerary properties (supports wound healing)
Calendula is particularly well known for its ability to soothe and support the skin. It may be helpful for minor cuts, grazes, burns, bruises, insect bites, rashes, acne, eczema, dermatitis, and dry or irritated skin. Traditionally, it has been used to calm inflammation, encourage tissue repair, and promote healthy skin regeneration.
Calendula is also valued for its gentle support of the lymphatic system and is often included in herbal formulations designed to encourage healthy lymphatic circulation and immune function.
As a gentle herb, calendula is commonly used as a mouth rinse or gargle to soothe sore gums, mouth ulcers, and minor throat irritation. Its antifungal properties make it a popular choice for supporting the body's natural defences against fungal conditions such as athlete's foot and thrush.
Calendula-infused oils and salves are frequently used for sensitive skin, including nappy rash and minor skin irritations, making it a favourite herb for all ages.
Beyond its medicinal uses, calendula is an edible flower. Its colourful petals can be sprinkled over salads, added to soups and stews, infused into teas, or used to brighten a variety of dishes.
Whether used in creams, oils, salves, tinctures, teas, or simply enjoyed as an edible flower, calendula remains one of the most versatile and trusted herbs in the natural medicine cabinet.
While calendula is generally considered a gentle and safe herb, those with known allergies to plants in the daisy (Asteraceae) family should use caution. If you are living with a health condition, taking medication, pregnant or breastfeeding, or would like support with an ongoing concern, it is always advisable to seek professional guidance before using herbal remedies.